As practiced by Socrates in the Cratylus, etymology involves a claim about the underlying semantic content of the name, what it really means or indicates. This content is taken to have been put there by the ancient name-givers: giving an etymology is thus a matter of unwrapping or decoding a name to find the message the name-givers have placed inside.
Understanding why and how languages differ tells about the range of what is human, discovering what’s universal about languages can help us understand the core of our humanity.
Addictio, the abstract noun derived from the verb, was the technical Latin term for the judicial act by which a debtor was made the slave of his creditor.
The sentence was pronounced, or spoken, by the judge, or praetor, according to the ancient law of the Twelve Tables. Where exactly did this leave the addictus, which in the passive form referred to the hapless individual who was physically handed over to his creditor by the praetor’s authority and physically led off in chains, to be held for sixty days or until the debt was paid? Failure to pay the debt after the lapse of the statutory sixty days rendered the debtor his creditor’s permanent property. He could then, at the creditor’s discretion, be kept, killed or sold as a common slave.
For the Romans, enslavement became increasingly associated with the passive forms of addicere, which of necessity would take on a very different connotation from the active form. To understand this, one must appreciate the distinction Romans made between active and passive forms of the verb, and in fact between active and passive in all forms of behavior. To be the recipient, to be acted upon, was to be less than. A passive human subject was a defeated individual, the object of someone else’s power. Being sentenced to be another person’s slave would be particularly humiliating. It would mean not only the loss of one’s citizenship but of one’s personhood.
The theme continued to be developed well into the imperial period. The most striking aspect of the use of addicere in each of these instances is the idea of bondage or enslavement. However, the object of that enslavement had evolved over the course of six centuries. What started as literal, the fate of the debt bondsman (addictus) under the ancient Law of the Twelve Tables, became metaphorical. One could become enslaved by vice (e.g., gambling, drinking, gluttony). A behavior like gambling, which previously might have led to one’s being sentenced into slavery, now was the enslavement.
The English verb ‘addict’ found particular resonance among the early church reformers. It’s earliest known appearance in English was in a tract by the Protestant reformer John Frith. It involves the act of choosing between two or more things. He apparently understood it as ‘preference’ or ‘choice,’ meaning (in a Christian context) the individual’s preference for a particular doctrine or interpretation of the Bible. [The Church] emphasized the dangers associated with a mistaken choice (Catholicism, the Pope, icons and idols). Most prominent was the danger of grievously offending God or of being led down the wrong path away from God. The Reformers extended their concerns to the physical realm, where one could be addicted to physical pleasures like gluttony and drunkenness.
Such ‘choices’ need not be actively chosen, however. The most influential of the Protestant Reformers next to Luther, John Calvin, [believed] man was so corrupted and enslaved by sin that he was incapable of choosing correctly. It was only through God’s grace that one was turned away from depravity and bad choices. An accomplished Latinist and writing in Latin, Calvin drew upon the legal, rather than the augural, usage of the Latin verb addicere to indicate that it is something done to or for one; it is not voluntary or within one’s control. This would be in line with the early legal meaning of addictio in Latin, where one did not act freely but was acted upon by the law [and] made the slave of one’s creditor.
[Writers from the 16th century on] were using medical metaphors to convey the seriousness of the problem, and we can't help noting that the language of disease was used both for the individual and for society. Furthermore, it was not addiction itself that was the disease, it was drunkenness or gambling, and when they referred to addiction, it was to convey ‘attachment’ or ‘preference.’
When the word addiction was deliberately omitted from four consecutive editions of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, it was because it was considered pejorative, stigmatizing, and too difficult to define. There were simply ‘too many meanings’ the term lacked any ‘universally agreed upon definition’: the result of using it was ‘conceptual chaos’.
Inclusion in DSM-5 represents behavioral addiction’s first official recognition as a diagnostic entity. It is therefore especially notable that, in addition to the lack of a definition, there are neither criteria nor guidelines for the assessment of potential disorders.
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How to make NIP great again Part 4: A post Major dream team Introduction – Do or dieWelcome to part 4 in my ongoing series “How to make NIP great again”. Many things have changed since I released part 3 and I thought it would be valuable to re-analyze my previous points with all these new developments in mind. NIP now stand at a crossroad, with things happening both in the team and in the scene as a whole which could either make or break them. This post Major shuffle will be, in my opinion the biggest indicator how dedicated NIP truly is to winning. All the pieces are there, the timing is correct but do they have the will, daring and willingness to spend in order to make it happen? If things go completely wrong, then NIP could potentially find themselves in a very familiar situation as they did when they missed out on Olofmeister and Krimz. A failure of such proportions that they still, almost 4 years later haven’t made up for. TL:DR
Oh, how the mighty has fallen!It is a sorry state of affairs when any small success for NIP is hailed as a great victory. First making it to the Major was seen by many as a clear sign that the team was finally back on the map. Then they almost made it into the top 8 and a lot of people came out and praised the teams seeming progress.-Oh, how the mighty has fallen… Would anybody praise Astralis or Navi for making top 8 at this Major? Would fans complain how hard it had been for Liquid if they had played the same teams on the road to Legend status? The answer is no on both questions and demonstrate the huge difference between the current NIP and the truly world class. Both Astralis and Navi are expected to make it to the last round. Liquid is ranked number 3 in the world and should beat almost all teams standing in their way. Where fans see progress, I see mostly weakness. When fans praise NIP´s Major run I see only the realization that such praise comes from the fact that they were never expected to make it in the first place. Lastly, I only see an endless amount of platitudes that have served no one in the past, with the worst one being more “hard work”. This last statement irks me the most because it is the only thing I have heard as a NIP fan for the last 3 years. More hard work, we will work even harder, now is the time for hard work, we have gotten far and now hard work is required, and on and on it goes. I was told the only thing missing with the Friberg lineup was hard work and then I was told the same thing with Pyth. I was told the same thing with Xizt and now finally I am being told the same thing with this lineup. NIP at this point feels like a single continuous work in progress with no clear end in sight. Don’t get me wrong, as a NIP fan I am happy the team made it to the Major and almost into the top 8. I also realize that the change of IGL does require some time to properly implement, especially since Lekr0 is so new to the role. However, when everything is put into the proper context I don’t see how hard work is going to propel NIP to the number one spot, something I assume is the goal of every team and organization. If Lekr0 was an Ex6TenZ type IGL with a massive system he wanted to implement then I could maybe buy into the hard work aspect, but from what I understand his calling style is even loser than Dennis. And if the team had been working hard before the change, then it wasn’t hard work that was required but rather a change in leadership. I understand fully that putting in both the effort and hours are necessary and that some teams do work harder than others. However, it’s not enough to simply work hard, you also have to work smart. Some players and lineups will never reach the top no matter how many hours they put in and that has been the case for almost all previous NIP teams. For NIP this realization have almost always come too late and as a consequence they have never regained their former glory in any consistent way. Hard work might very well be the answer to continuous success for proven lineups like Astralis, or teams with unpolished but extremely skilled player like NAVI. You see a proof of concept with team such as Astralis, Navi, Liquid and Faze. I see no such proof with the current NIP lineup and no amount of “hard work” is going to fix what is in its core a flawed team. It is telling that Fnatic is in complete disarray from a similar Major result while NIP is seemingly happy with theirs. -how the mighty has fallen indeed Even though the honeymoon effect might be a bit exaggerated I do believe there is a certain truth to it. When a team makes drastic changes, either to leadership or roster there is an uncertainty factor that other teams still hasn’t considered. Opponents still haven’t figured you out and surprise is a powerful weapon. NIP just had their honeymoon period with Lekr0 and it got them top 4 at Dreamhack and into the Major. At its core this is still the same team that had done absolutely nothing up till this point. What happens when the honeymoon period is over? Why do fans believe things will only improve from here on out? If anything, this is the high point in this lineup. I am sure other teams will study NIP more closely after this Major and how is Lekr0 and NIP going to counter such scouting? Nothing exists in a vacuum, a point I will get to further down in the article. Other teams are already preparing to create new super teams and or improve in other ways. The teams of today will not be the same teams of tomorrow. If everyone else improves and NIP remains as they are then where does that leave NIP? Almost every win in the last couple of years has come as a result of a roster change and I would argue that NIPs youngest player acquisition has been the driving factor in every good result these last months. The current NIP lineup is by no means a bad team, it is just not good enough to be truly great. So instead of putting the cart before the horse, let’s get the players NIP need and then put in the hard work! My thoughts on the In-game leading issueI suggested in my last article that NIP should change IGL from Dennis to Get Right. Nothing Dennis had done up to that point had convinced me that he was the right man to lead NIP. Obviously NIP felt the same way and changed IGL to Lekr0 during the summer. Get Right revealed during a recent Major interview that it ultimately came down to him and Lekr0 for the IGL position and once again Get Right thought that he would be the one called upon. He did not reveal why the team decided to go with Lekr0 but I think that decision was a mistake. At the same time, I am very happy that Get Right once again stepped up and volunteered for the position as it means that he would be willing to take up the mantle if needed.Making Lekr0 the IGL is a strange decision in my opinion. He doesn’t really strike me as a long-term solution and every interview I have seen seems to indicate that its more of a gamble then anything thought out. Even though NIP have been doing better with Lekr0 as the IGL I don’t see how this is a permanent solution. Does he really want to retool and become a permanent full time IGL, or is this something NIP is just testing to see how it goes? This move strikes me as being the latter and I wouldn’t be surprised if they change again in a couple of tournaments. Get Right is in my mind the best candidate for IGL in NIP. He is at a stage in his career where switching to IGL could increase the longevity of that career and allow him to leverage his experience and dedication. Something equally important is the fact that this move allows NIP to replace Lekr0 with one of the other two options in my list and I don’t see how fans wouldn’t see either Krimz or Olofmeister as an upgrade no matter how good Lekr0 has been playing lately. Is Get Right an equal or better IGL then Lekr0? Yes. Would Get Rights experience, obsessive demo watching and waning skill make him a more suitable candidate? Yes. Would making Get Right IGL allow NIP to pursue better players without sacrificing their current effectiveness, yes and yes! Threats Law – The coaching issueI have always been highly critical of Pita as the coach. Nothing he has done since his inception have changed my opinion on this point, no matter how much praise he receives from the NIP CEO. NIP is at most a moderately tactical team with basic strats and executes. Pita failed to make Dennis into an adequate IGL and I don’t see how he would do much better with Lekr0. NIP still has issues that should have been ironed out long ago, such as basic communication errors, poor team chemistry and a lack of clear identity. But perhaps the biggest failure in my opinion is that he still hasn’t figured out how to utilize REZ properly. To be fair, even Threat failed in that regard and it still remains one of the most pressing issue to date.Threats law is something I came up with and it aims to explain the power dynamic between an IGL and the coach. Threats law can be summed up as follows: The more inexperienced or less suited an in-game leader is the more experienced or suited a coach needs to be. It might very well have been called Zews law after team Liquids coach because both coaches embody this relationship. Whether NIP goes for Get Right or keeps Lekr0 as the IGL they would still need a world class coach to compensate for the fact that both are relatively inexperienced and new to this role. Pita is not in my opinion a world class coach and has done nothing so far to indicate otherwise. Good or adequate is simply not enough when you begin from such a huge deficit compared to the Fallen and Glaives of the world. I would rate the coaching issue as extremely pressing and something that needs changing whatever else might happen. I also think NIP needs more of a team building coach that understands the fundamentals, that can teach the young players and build a cohesive unit. Somebody that knows the players and can construct a team based of those players unique strengths and weaknesses. I make the distinction between a team building coach and a tactical coach to highlight that each team has different needs. The Fnatic of 2015 had some of the best natural team chemistry in the world but lacked the more tactical aspects of the game. In that scenario a coach like Threat would have been a good choice compared to a Zews. In G2 you already have the tactical side covered with Ex6TenZ and would probably benefit more from a Zews type coach. NIP needs a Zews type coach more than a Threat. Tactics are all well and good but if the team chemistry and roles within the team isn’t function properly then the former loses much of its effectiveness. A new coach would have to figure out how to use and guide REZ so he can finally display his true potential. He would have to pretty much do the same thing with Brollan to make sure he grows into a superstar. The blend between young and old, experienced and inexperienced would require careful consideration and the first priority would be to get everybody on the same page. Lastly comes the task of guiding Get Right to make sure he is comfortable in his position as IGL and make sure the transition goes as smoothly as possible. All this is the reason why I rate both Pronax and Seangares above Threat as my dream coach. Threat is an excellent coach and definitely an improvement compared to Pita, but even Threat failed in some regards when it came to team building and managing roles. While Pronax and Seangares might not be as tactical astute as Threat I think they could build a better function team in terms of chemistry and roles. Understanding Opportunity costThe New Oxford American Dictionary describes opportunity cost as:"the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen." This is a key concept that I feel many fans are missing when it comes to understanding roster moves, and it even seems that some organizations sometimes don’t quite get it. Let’s look at some real and theoretical examples to illustrate my point. Theoretical; Are Rain or Olofmeister bad players? No. Would replacing either Rain or Olofmeister with Simple make Faze a better team? Most likely. So, if Faze had the opportunity but didn’t replace Rain or Olof with Simple then the opportunity cost, or loss in this case, would be the skill difference between the players. However, CSGO is not all about pure skill, so one could argue that what Rain and Olof brings to Faze is greater than the increase in skill gained from Simple, thus moving the opportunity cost in the reverse direction. This is a simplified version but demonstrates the basics of the theory. Let’s look at a real-life example. NIP decided not to purse Krimz and Olofmeister and instead keep Fifflaren and Friberg. The opportunity cost in this example is the difference between the two pairs and I am sure we can all agree that NIP lost by not making that trade. When I make the case for removing both Dennis and Lekr0 I am not saying they are bad players but rather that there are better ones available. The opportunity cost of keeping Dennis and Lekr0 could potentially be missing out on Brollan and Krimz and that in my mind makes the opportunity cost of keeping the former players greater then acquiring the new. Nothing exists in a vacuum – Staying ahead of the competitionThe old 1.6 SK gaming team was probably one of the greatest teams at recognizing the macro aspects of the CS scene. They had a strategy of almost always acquiring the best upcoming talent in the Swedish scene, even when it wasn’t even needed. This had a doubly positive effect, because not only did it mean that SK was always home to the best players, it also denied those very same players to other rivalries.The willingness to win at every cost and be absolutely ruthless in terms of making roster moves is something more associated with the likes of MIBR or Faze then any Swedish team currently active. This unwillingness to make the hard decisions has cost NIP many years of wallowing in the middle range of teams. Good enough to stay within distance of the top ten but never even close to being the best. NIP have always had a strong emphasis on the family part of the team, a positive aspect in most cases, because a house divided will always fall. But there also comes a time when a relationship has to end and sacrifices needs to be made for the greater good. But roster move comes down to more than just willingness. Several factors make up the decision tree that an organization has to consider. First is availability of talent, second is the possibility of acquiring said talent and thirdly the willingness of the talent to join your organization. Availability of Talent The first prerequisite of any roster change is the availability of talent. It doesn’t matter how bad a team is, or how much they want to make changes if the available player material simply isn’t there. While the Swedish CSGO scene in general is weak there is still world class talent out there ready to be picked up. I think there are only three players outside of NIP that would be an automatic upgrade to the current roster.
It is not enough that there are good talent out there, there also needs to be a realistic possibility of acquiring them. Everyone knows Device is a great player, but what are the chances that he would leave the current Astralis? Slim, to nonexistent would be my guess. This means that other Danish teams like North and Optic probably doesn’t even consider Device as an option when thinking about roster moves. Another good example is NAVI. It is common knowledge Simple and Flamie almost left the team a couple of months ago for MIBR. There were obvious signs that something wasn’t right in the team and things must have been really bad for Simple to consider leaving. There are still rumors circulating that a move might still be on the table unless NAVI wins the Major, so my guess is that we probably haven’t seen the last of the Simple transfer saga. The parallels between Simple and Device are interesting for many reasons. Both are obvious talents that any team would like, but unlike Device there is a chance that circumstances would make Simple leave his current team. Simple is in this example a realistic prospect for transfer unlike his Danish counterpart. This is what I mean with possibility of acquisition. There is more unavailable talent than available. The demand side of the market is greater then the supply side and this is one of the reasons why the best players always have the upper hand in negotiations. Finally, I want to touch on the contractual aspects of CS. Because there are certain scenarios where a player is available, wants to leave but is unable to do so due to contracts and/or an unwillingness form the organization to part with the player. There is also the possibility that the asking price is to high, like in the case with NBK and Apex. There are many hurdles to overcome in a roster transfer but if the player is willing and wants to move then that is a good first step towards solving the more technical details.
Willingness to join NIP does not unfortunately have the same current reputation like a Faze or an Astralis, no Swedish team does at the moment. This leaves them at a severe disadvantage when it comes bidding wars between multiple organizations. If a new player had the option of either joining Faze or NIP at the moment who do you think he would choose if he wanted to win titles? My guess is Faze as they are already at the top with proven players and a proven system. But even Faze had to start somewhere and they clearly demonstrated both ambition and intent to never settle for second best when they signed Guardian and Olofmeister. Their transfer policy matched their words and as a result they became an organization for only the best players that wanted to win. With NIP it is almost the exact opposite. They are known for never changing and making the big signings. REZ was a big step in the right direction but other than him they have always been a passive actor in the scene. They now have the opportunity to change that and signal to the world that NIP is back.
Fnatic There seems to be a consensus amongst most analysts that changes will have to be made to the current Fnatic lineup. I don’t necessarily believe its all down to results or skill but rather the chemistry within the team that’s at a breaking point. This fact is of major consequence for NIP as they are effectively competing for the same talent. The rumors so far have dealt mostly with Twist but I think they might throw a curveball and go for Brollan and this is where it gets tricky for NIP. Fnatic can not be allowed to sign a talent like Brollan, especially considering the current state of NIP. I cannot stress this point hard enough. In the fictional universe of Dune, it is he who controls the spice that has the power and the same thing goes for Brollan. Whichever team that manages to sign him will be the best team in Sweden for many years. This means that even if NIP, for some ungodly reason had decided not to make any changes, they would have to sign Brollan just to deny him for Fnatic. Fnatic are welcome to Twist but they cannot be allowed to sign Brollan. But it is not all doom and gloom. Fnatics problems could also be NIPs gain as I have outlined above. This might be a once in a lifetime opportunity to sign their best player and one of the worlds absolute best. Conclusion NIP once again find itself in a position similar to the one before the LGB disbandment. The talent is out there, the timing is right, will NIP make the same mistake the second time around or have they truly learnt from their past errors? Outgoing roster moves – Mouse and Cloud 9
Lekr0 currently plays for GODSENT and has in my opinion the role of second/third star in the team. His deagle play is phenomenal and he is a strong rifler. He is without a doubt a good support player but unfortunately NIP needs more than that at the moment. When you consider that he is already 23 years old, the second oldest player on the short list, and hasn’t fully developed yet, it strikes me as already being a little bit too late for someone you want on NIP for years to come. Lekr0 has many good qualities and would make a good support player but his relatively old age, lack of star potential and the current needs of NIP excludes him from a place on my dream team. All these things still hold true today and are the main reasons why I don’t consider him the future of this team. It might sound strange to say that NIP lacks star power, considering the names in the team. Nevertheless, it is true that even though they potentially have a high level of skill across the board, they still lack that super star that will deliver every tournament. NIP is currently a team filled to the brink with third/second-star type players. Lekr0 is the type of player that can have good games and the odd great tournament. A player that would do a good job behind a Niko, Krimz or Device. REZ still hasn’t fully blossomed into the super star the team needs him to be. F0rest is less up and down but brings so much more than juts frags to the table. Dennis is mostly at the bottom of the score board and Get Right is the dedicated support player. Lekr0 was terrible at the Major but had a decent run at the Minor and the Challenger stage. This just reinforces my point that he is also a very up and down player that ends somewhere in the middle when analyzed as a whole. I even predict that his output will decrease as the strain of leading fully takes its toll. I am going to say it again, Lekr0 would be a good fit in a team that was missing that bridge between the stars and support players. A solid middle level player that does his job and can have the odd tournament when everything clicks. Lekr0 did an excellent job behind Krimz and JW and even joined the latter being the second star of the team in some games. That’s the role he excels at but exactly who is he supporting in NIP. Its not Dennis or Get Right. It can be F0rest and REZ but even that is not a given considering how up and down they can be. Lekr0 unfortunately fulfills a role already taken and when you consider he could be replaced with the likes of Krimz or Olofmeister then I think the decision is easy. Potential team: Cloud 9 I think Lekr0 would be a perfect fit for Cloud 9. Not only would he bring some much-needed firepower he would also be reunited with his former IGL. Lekr0 played well under the leadership of Golden and I have no doubt that Maikil would appreciate another Swede in the team. Lekr0s stock has been slowly rising which means that NIP could probably demand quite a high buyout sum. This could then be used to fund the other transfers. There are however other players rumored to Cloud 9 so if I were NIP I would notify them immediately and let them know that Lekr0 will become available.
Dennis was a gamble from the beginning. It was very uncertain how good he would be as the new IGL and NIP probably hoped he would sustain the tournament form he had with Astralis. Unfortunately, he turned out to be a poor IGL and his form has not been maintainable. The choice between him or Brollan is an easy decision in my eyes. Potential team: Mousesports Dennis already almost signed for Mousesports and considering how poorly they did at the Major they might be very open to get such an experienced player. The absence of calm experienced players is something I feel the current Mousesports is lacking so it would be a good fit in that respect. The foundation for success, the core of the team!
Conclusion The four above mentioned players constitute the perfect blend of potential and old veteran savvy. Sweden’s two most promising talents coupled together with Sweden’s two most experienced players. This core mixes the future with the past and takes the best from each. REZ and Brollan have hopefully many long successful years ahead of them and could be the new dynamic duo in Swedish CSGO. All that is missing is that last piece, the last player who could truly take this team to the top of the counter strike world. Constructing a world number one dream teamTeam 1: World breakers, the Swedish Faze! Predicted rank first year: 1-2
Team 2: The Ying and Yang, Success through balance, the Swedish Astralis Predicted rank first year 1-3
Team 3: A first stepping stone to greater things, the Swedish Mousesports Predicted rank first year 4-6
Thank you for reading /Swetech |
traduction gambling dans le dictionnaire Anglais - Français de Reverso, voir aussi 'gambling man',gaming',gambling man',grumbling', conjugaison, expressions idiomatiques Gambling definition, the activity or practice of playing at a game of chance for money or other stakes. See more. Gambling definition is - the practice or activity of betting : the practice of risking money or other stakes in a game or bet —often used before another noun. How to use gambling in a sentence. Oxford English and Spanish Dictionary, Thesaurus, and Spanish to English Translator The act of gambling money on the outcome of a race, game, or other unpredictable event. ‘there was a good deal of betting on the races going on’ More example sentences ‘From the 1930s the states in turn legalised state lotteries and off-course betting on horse races, and introduced casinos for Oxford English and Spanish Dictionary, Thesaurus, and Spanish to English Translator ‘Gambling does, and any player who gambles on baseball or sits with those who conspire to do so risks destroying the very foundation on which the game is built.’ ‘The probability of winning lottery prizes are the basic risk dimensions that may help determine whether a person gambles on a particular Definition of gambling noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. gambling meaning: 1. the activity of betting money, for example in a game or on a horse race: 2. the activity of…. Learn more. ‘Policy gambling (an illegal form of betting on daily numbers) similarly involved local syndicates.’ ‘The Illinois Racing Board has temporarily has suspended all live and simulcasting betting on some multirace wagers, including pick four and pick six bets.’ Gambling definition: Gambling is the act or activity of betting money , for example in card games or on horse... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples gambling definition: 1. the activity of betting money, for example in a game or on a horse race: 2. the activity of…. Learn more.
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